Biogeosciences Discussions www.biogeosciences-discuss.net 1810-6277 1810-6285 7 1 2010 10.5194/bgd-7-1345-2010 http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/7/1345/2010/ http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/7/1345/2010/bgd-7-1345-2010.html http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/7/1345/2010/bgd-7-1345-2010.pdf 1345 1375 2010-02-22 Continuous measurement of soil CO₂ efflux in a larch forest by automated chamber and concentration gradient techniques N. Liang liang@nies.go.jp T. Hirano Z.-M. Zheng J. Tang Y. Fujinuma Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Tottori University of Environmental Studies, Tottori 689-1111, Japan Winter measurements of soil CO₂ effluxes are few because such measurements are difficult when the ground is snow-covered, limiting the ability of chamber systems to characterize soil CO₂ effluxes accurately year-round. In this study, we used two systems for continuous measurements of soil CO₂ effluxes in a larch forest in northern Japan: (1) a 16-channel automated soil chamber system with eight chambers for measuring soil CO₂ efflux and eight chambers for measuring heterotrophic respiration during snow-free periods, and (2) a soil CO₂ concentration gradient system used year-round, including when the ground was snow-covered. During the warm season, the gradient approach yielded systematically higher CO₂ effluxes than the automated chamber technique, whereas it yielded lower CO₂ effluxes during the cold season. As a result of this bias (<I>p</I>&lt;0.001), the annual soil CO₂ efflux estimated by the automated chamber was 959 g C m^&minus;2 (of which 57% was contributed by heterotrophic respiration), whereas the efflux estimated by the gradient approach was 1040 g C m^&minus;2. Because of the fast-response infrared gas analyzer adopted for the chamber technique, the soil CO₂ efflux response to the onset of rain was detected immediately and the efflux returned to pre-rain values several hours after the rain had stopped. Rain events accounted for about 24 g C m^&minus;2 (about 2% of the annual soil CO₂ efflux). The gradient system successfully measured the soil CO₂ effluxes when the ground was snow-covered (9 December to 17 April), when they ranged from 0.40 to 0.70 &mu;mol m^&minus;2 s^&minus;1. Total CO₂ efflux from the snowpack estimated by the gradient technique approached 73 g C m^&minus;2, corresponding to about 7% of the annual soil CO₂ efflux. The <I>Q</I>₁₀ coefficient of the soil CO₂ efflux showed large seasonal variation, mainly because of the large temperature sensitivity of root respiration. Boone, R. D., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Canary, J. D., and Kaye, J. 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