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A possible role of ground-based microorganisms on cloud formation in the atmosphere
1Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
2Department of Horticulture, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
3Department of Physics, University of São Paolo, São Paolo, Brazil
Abstract. The formation of clouds is an important process for the atmosphere, the hydrological cycle, and climate, but also a difficult one to predict because some aspects of the transformations of aerosol particles into cloud droplets are still not well understood. In this work, we show that microorganisms might affect cloud formation without leaving the Earth's surface by releasing biological surfactants (or biosurfactants) in the environment, that make their way into atmospheric aerosols and should significantly enhance their conversion into of cloud droplets.
In the first part of this work, the cloud-nucleating efficiency (or "CCN" efficiency) of standard biosurfactants was characterized by osmolality and surface tension measurements and found to be better than for any aerosol material studied so far, including inorganic salts. These results identify molecular structures that give to organic compounds exceptional CCN properties. In the second part, atmospheric aerosols sampled at different locations (temperate & tropical, forested & marine ones) were found to all have a surface tension below 30 mN/m, which can only be accounted for by the presence of biosurfactants. The results also showed that these biosurfactants were concentrated enough to significantly affect the surface tension of these aerosols and enhance their CCN efficiency.
The presence of such strong biosurfactants in aerosols would be consistent with the recent identification of organic fractions of higher CCN efficiency than ammonium sulfate in aerosols. And a role of microorganisms at the Earth's surface on clouds could also explain previously reported correlations between algae bloom and cloud cover. Our results also suggest that biosurfactants might be common in aerosols and thus of global relevance. If their impact on cloud formation is confirmed by future studies, this work would have identified a new role of microorganisms at the Earth's surface on the atmosphere, and a new component of the Earth's system and climate.
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Citation: Ekström, S., Nozière, B., Hultberg, M., Alsberg, T., Magnér, J., Nilsson, E. D., and Artaxo, P.: A possible role of ground-based microorganisms on cloud formation in the atmosphere, Biogeosciences Discuss., 6, 10035-10056, 2009. Bibtex EndNote Reference Manager
